How the heart functions as a pump

How the heart functions as a pump The objective of this essay is to show how the heart functions as a pump in transporting oxygen to the different parts of the body and how reduction in coronary blood flow can impair the cardiac function. The first part of the essay describes the location, structure, electrical activity within the heart and how the heart transports oxygen throughout the body. The second part describes how reduced coronary blood flow in case of a disease can impair blood flow and its treatment. The heart forms an integral part of the cardiovascular system whose primary function is the maintenance of hemodynamic and homeostatic functions such as maintenance of body temperature, transport of nutrients to the cells, removal of waste materials, transport of oxygen and hormones. [8,1] Heart Location The human heart is like a cone shaped organ composed of four different chambers and is located obliquely across the chest midline with its tip behind the fifth left intercostal space. It weighs on an average between 250-350 grams in adults and is approximately the size of a human fist. [2] An average human heart beats on an average of 75 beats per minute and pumps more than 200 million litres of blood in 80 years. [3]. Although the heart is located in the centre of the chest cavity its beating action is felt on the left side of the chest cavity since the most powerful pumping action of the ventricles of the heart takes place towards the base of the heart which is located in the left side of the chest cavity. [2] The figure below shows the location of the heart in the body. Fig1: Location of the Heart [8] Lecture Physiology and Anatomy- Cardiovascular System Alan Richardson; slide no. 8 The heart is enclosed in a multi-layered sac known as Pericardium which protects the heart by reduction of friction and prevents excessive expansion. Between the different layers of the pericardium (visceral and the parietal layers), the pericardial cavity is present which holds about 5-15 ml of Pericardial Fluid that reduces the friction created due to the movement of the heart. [3] The heart wall consists of three different layers Epicardium (outer layer), Endocardium (inner layer) and Myocardium (middle layer). The 2picardium and the endocardium are both made of simple squamous epithelial cells and a thin areolar tissue layer. However the myocardium is the thickest amongst all the three layers consisting of the heart muscles and its thickness in each chamber of the heart depends upon the amount of force generated by which chamber during the pumping action. [3] The figure below clearly shows the various layers of the heart wall. Fig2: Layers of the Heart wall [9] Structure of the Heart The heart is divided into two different halves depending upon the kind of blood (deoxygenated or oxygenated) received right and left halves. The heart consists of four different chambers with an atria and a ventricle on each side. The atria have relatively thinner walls since they only have to pump the blood to much shorter distances than the ventricles. [4].The atria connect to the ventricles by means of atrioventricular valves (tricuspid in the right half, bicuspid in the left half). The atrioventricular valves are connected to the base of the ventricles by chord like structures known as the chordate tendinae that prevent the valves from swinging in the opposite direction and thus prevent the back flow of blood into the atria from the ventricles. [3,5] The two atria are separated from one another by means of a muscular wall known as the interatrial septum. [3] The atria and the ventricles are separated by means of a fibrous connective tissue known as annulus fibrosis, this helps i n giving a skeleton for attachment of the muscles of the heart and help in providing the site of placement of the heart valves. [4] The ventricles are the lower and the larger chambers of the heart. The two ventricles are separated from one another by means of a thick muscular wall known as the interventricular septum. The right ventricle is connected to the pulmonary artery by means of the pulmonary semilunar valve while the left ventricle is connected to the aorta by means of the aortic valve. [3]. On the surface of the heart the heart chambers grooves are marked by fatty layers containing coronary blood vessels these layers are also known as Sulci.[3] Blood Flow in the Heart The deoxygenated blood from the various parts of the body flows into the heart by the pair of vena cava into the right atria. The blood flowing from the upper part of the body relative to the heart is carried by the superior vena cava while the blood flowing from the lower part of the body relative to the heart is carried by the inferior vena cava. [8] The cardiac muscles empty their deoxygenated blood into the right atria by the coronary sinus. The deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right atria into the right ventricles through the right atrioventricular valves (tricuspid valve) upon atrial sytole and ventricular diastole. The blood in the right ventricles is then pumped into the pulmonary artery through the right semilunar valve (pulmonary valve) to the lungs for oxygenation upon ventricular systole. However, during the ventricular systole the semilunar valves do not open unless the pressure generated in the ventricles due to contraction (systole) is sufficient to push open the valves, such contraction is known as isometric contraction. The pulmonary artery bifurcates into two smaller branches the left and the right pulmonary artery (one for each of the lungs). The pulmonary vein from the lungs brings the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atria of the heart which then pumps the blood into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve (mitral valve) during atrial systole and ventricular diastole. The left ventricle pumps the blood to the different parts of the body through the aorta through the aortic valve during ventricular diastole. The hearts muscles are themselves are supplied by oxygenated blood from the coronary artery branches present on the aortic arch. [3] The figure below shows the various chambers of the heart along with the flow of blood within the heart. Fig3: Blood Flow within the heart [8] Lecture Physiology and Anatomy- Cardiovascular System Alan Richardson, Slide no 12 Blood enters the chambers during the diastole (relaxation) phase and is pumped out during the systole (contraction) phase. As a result, the blood is under a higher pressure in the systolic phase than the diastolic phase. The blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood vessels.[5] The blood pressure on the walls of the artery in a healthy individual lies around 80mm Hg for diastole and 120mm Hg for systole. [4] The valves of the heart prevent the back flow of blood and thereby only allow the unidirectional flow of blood. [5] The circulation of deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart is known as pulmonary circulation while the circulation of oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body and deoxygenated blood from the various parts of the body into the heart is known as systemic circulation.[5] The entire process is displayed in the figure below. Fig4: Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation [10] Electrical Conduction within the Heart and Heart Beat The cardiac impulse trigger is generated by the group of specialised cells which together form the sino-atrial node (SA node). The SA node is present in the right atrium near the point of attachment of the superior vena cava. The cells in the SA node generate the impulses spontaneously as they are capable of spontaneous depolarisation, hence they are said to possess automaticity. [6] Due to these spontaneous impulses the SA node forms the atrial pacemaker. These electrical impulses are spread throughout the walls of the atrium by means of specialised pathways known as the Bachmanns Bundle, thereby causing the stimulation of the myocardial walls of the atria to contract and push the blood into the ventricles. The wave of electrical excitation travels from the atrial walls via specialised pathways called internodal tracts from the SA node to the Atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node is also composed of similar autorhythmic cells as the SA node and is capable of pacing the heart in case the SA node fails in pacing and is located in the right side of the interatrial septum. However the pacing of the AV node is slower than the SA node and it thus provides the critical delay in the electrical conduction system, preventing the simultaneous contraction of both the atria and the ventricles. The distal portion of the AV node is known as the Bundle of His which then divides into the two bundle branches for spreading the electrical excitation to the two ventricles. The bundle branches are present along the interventricular septum and end at the tip of the heart by further differentiating into numerous small fibres known as Purkinje fibres. The Purkinje fibres are responsible for depolarising the individual myocardial cells of the ventricles. Thus causing the ventricles to contract and push the blood into the pulmonary artery or the aorta. [3] Blood circulation and Transport of Oxygen The blood vessels and capillaries are the pipes which carry blood throughout the body for metabolic, waste and gaseous transport. The blood vessels include arteries, arterioles, veins and venules. Arteries carry the oxygenated blood away from the heart with the Aorta being the largest artery. Since the artery carry blood in jerks and under high pressure they are surrounded by smooth muscles which prevent it from collapsing. The resistance to blood pressure is controlled by the autonomic nervous system which controls the width of the artery (lumen) through which the blood passes (vasoconstriction and vasodilation). The arteries further divide into smaller divisions known as arterioles which carry blood to smaller parts of the body. The arterioles are also covered with smooth muscles and like the arteries also resist any changes to the blood pressure. The arterioles further differentiate into smaller blood vessels known as capillaries which possess an extremely thin wall so as to allow the exchange of oxygen with the individual cells and carbon-dioxide from the cells. Apart from the exchange of gases the metabolic exchange of nutrients and wastes are also possible at the capilla ries. Several billions of capillaries then join together to form the venules which are smaller blood vessels carrying the deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the veins. The veins are the formed by the integration of millions of smaller venules and it carries the deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The blood in the veins does not flow under considerable high amounts of pressure and hence the walls of the veins are not as thick as those of the artery. The veins join together to form the two vena cavas. [8] The transfer of oxygen from the blood into the cells at the capillaries is explained by the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the process of movement of particles from their region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Thus in the capillaries the oxygenated blood has a higher concentration of oxygen than that present outside the capillaries in the surrounding cells. At the same time there is higher concentration of carbon-dioxide in the surrounding cells than the oxygenated blood in the capillaries. Hence the oxygen from the blood in the capillaries diffuses out into the surrounding cells while the carbon-dioxide from the surrounding cells diffuses into the capillaries. Thus the oxygenated blood from the lungs passes into the heart which pumps it into the aorta which divides into the arteries which further divides into arterioles and then capillaries. The capillaries then exchange the oxygen with the cells and take carbon-dioxide from the cells and rejoin to form the venules which then form the veins which return the deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Thus the heart acts a pump in the entire cardiovascular system which transports the oxygen to the different parts of the body and carbon-dioxide from the different parts of the body. The figure below shows the overview of the cardiovascular system. Fig5: The Cardiovascular System [11] Reduced Coronary Blood Flow and Coronary Artery Disease The heart needs to perform all the time in the body and can never relax, hence the cardiac muscles have a high demand for oxygen and have very limited capacity for anaerobic respiration. [7] The chest pain which is felt in the patient due to the obstruction of the blood flow in the coronary arteries is known as Angina Pectoris. This deposition of the plaque and lipid layers within the coronary blood vessels thereby causing the hardening and narrowing of the blood vessels is known as Atherosclerosis. Due to the obstruction the cardiac cells are deprived of oxygen and start anaerobic fermentation resulting in the formation of lactic acid. The lactic acid formation in the heart stimulates the pain receptors present in the heart. [3] Depending upon the type of plaque formation in the coronary blood vessel the angina might be termed as stable or unstable. [8] Thus with the reduced coronary blood flow the cardiac output of the heart is severely impaired since the muscles of the heart are deprived of oxygen and nutrients resulting in tissue death or myocardial infarction. Hence the heart is not able to pump properly and thus has a reduced cardiac output. Myocardial Infarction causes severe pain and can even cause death to the patient. [6] The blood flow to the target cells can be increased by vasodilation and thereby allowing more blood to flow through them. This can be done by using organic nitrate medications which release nitric oxide (NO) into the blood stream. Medications known as beta blockers (ÃŽ ²) which also cause of the coronary artery vasodilation can also help in the treatment of the condition in the same manner. Apart from medications surgically also the condition of reduced coronary blood flow can be treated by coronary bypass surgery where the atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary artery is bypassed by a blood vessel which is grafted from any other part of the patients body. There also is the possibility of performing other angioplasty operations such as balloon angioplasty, etc. [7] The therapeutic goals in treating stable angina are to improve the coronary blood flow to the target cells and reduce the cardiac oxygen demand. While in the treatment of unstable angina steps are taken to prevent the occurrence of myocardial infarction Conclusion The heart acts as a muscular pump which pumps blood throughout the lifecycle beating at an average of 72 beats a minute and pumping 200 million litres of blood in 80 years. [3] The cardiovascular system consists of several different components, the pump (heart), an extensive piping network (blood vessels and capillaries) and finally a working fluid (blood). The heart receives deoxygenated blood from all over the body pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation and receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps them to the different parts of the body. The piping network includes arteries, arterioles, veins, venules and capillaries. The capillaries are the site of gaseous exchange where the exchange takes place by diffusion. Reduced coronary blood flow impairs the cardiac output by starving the cardiac cells of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood.

Ontario Regulation 455/07 and the Demerit Point System

The Ontario Regulation 455/07 is a regulation put into place that deals with stunt driving, as well as racing and contest driving. The regulation clearly outlines and defines what races, contests, and stunt driving are, covering the many different situations and scenarios that fall under those three categories. It also outlines the many punishments that can be given to those who are caught racing or stunt driving. The punishments are extremely severe, ranging from heavy fines to jail time, license suspension, and even having your vehicle detained. The demerit point system is used to enforce safe driving, but to also discourage, dissuade, and not overly drivers who are caught breaking the law. Rather it is a system that encourages drivers to reform their actions, so as to become better and safer drivers. As the severity of the offence increases, more demerit points are given out and can result in fines, license suspension, and even jail time. Regulation 455/07 works well in conjunction with the demerit point system. Stunt driving and Racing are often the result of careless drivers. Rather then ruining the lives of these drivers by punishing them in a way that severely affects their life, demerit points can be used as a way to punish these drivers, yet at the same time encourage them to reform their ways, without destroying their current way of living. For the safety of all road users, those who break the driving regulations by participating in activities like stunt driving, racing, and contest driving, should be severely punished and reprimanded and this can be achieved in many ways, from fines to jail time and demerit points. Demerit points serve as a key way to punish such actions because of the systems tendency to encourage reform rather then just punishment for the sake of punishment.

Relationship Between Gender And Math - 1220 Words

Research Question Hypotheses Research Question What is the relationship between genders and math comfortability when controlling for class type? Hypotheses Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no statistically significant relationship between gender and math comfortability when controlling for class type. Alternative Hypothesis (HA): There is a statistically significant relationship between gender and math comfortability when controlling for class type. Variables Independent Variables (IV): Gender coded 0 = Male, 1= Female Dependent Variables (DV): Math comfortability coded (values) in your dataset. Covariate: Class type (experimental, flipped, traditional) Methodology The quantitative study was conducted looking at preservice†¦show more content†¦I am able to determine if the independent variable is statistically significant. The main result of the one-way ANCOVA is determined in the test between-subject effects table. Looking at the data, overall, I want to know if there are statistically significant differences in the intervention once the means were adjusted between groups. I want to know whether gender and math comfortability are statistically significant when controlling for different teaching styles. When there are statistically significant differences between the independent variable Bonferroni post hoc tests was used to determine where the difference lies in the Pairwise Comparison table. The following are the results of my study. Analysis/Results An ANCOVA was run to determine the effect of math comfortability for preservice teachers, when they completed their courses, across gender, while controlling for the types of classes they were involved. There was homogeneity of regression slopes as the interaction term was not statistically significant, F(1, 332) = .691, p = .406. After adjustment the main effect of gender was statistically significant F(1, 332) = 1.216, p .0005, partial ÃŽ ·2 = .004. Post hoc analysis was performed with a Bonferroni adjustment. Post-intervention of class type were statistically significant for gender, the males (mean differences of 75.9623 (95% CI, 73.992 to 77.891; females (meanShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Gender On Math Anxiety Among College Students1674 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Gender on Math Anxiety Among College Students The purpose of this study is to measure the different effects math anxiety has on female and male undergraduate college students. Such research is imperative and can help show the correlation between math anxiety and the different ways in which it can effect important decisions made by undergraduate college students. Such decisions include which courses to take, major declaration, and which career path to pursue. 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Global Is A Non Profit Organization - 1599 Words

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To Kill a Mockingbird Play Review Essay - 1608 Words

To Kill a Mockingbird Review Introduction. On the 28th April 2011, I went to see a professional production of To Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee at the Blackpool Grand Theatre. The novel To Kill a Mockingbird is set in 1935 in Alabama, a story about innocence, knowledge, prejudice and courage. In the beginning the main character, Scout, starts out to be a very immature child not knowing the prejudice times around her, as the story goes on she gains knowledge of these times by fellow kids around her accusing her dad of being a nigger lover which then was an insult. Her father was being courageous of a black man being falsely accused of raping a white girl. Her father, Atticus, is a criminal defence attorney only†¦show more content†¦Direction One of the most vital parts of putting on a play is a director who will provide an understandable, and watchable performance. This play was a much easier play to put on as it is based on a classic novel by Harper Lee. 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A Socratic Seminar is a formal discussion, named after the famous Greek philosopher, Socrates, who literally gave his life for his beliefRead MoreTo Kill a Mocking Bird Mascuine vs. Feminine1570 Words   |  7 Pages[ 22 November 2010 ] Masculine versus Feminine in To Kill a Mockingbird In novels, masculine against feminine has been a popular writing technique throughout many writing achievements. Writers have displayed the masculine side as well as the feminine to express the setting of the story in which they are trying to write. Female writers have been suggested to have a difficult time in the interpretation of male characters within their writing. As Peter Shwenger states, â€Å"To suggest a similar assessmentRead MoreEssay about The Crucial Role of Symbols in To Kill a Mockingbird2070 Words   |  9 PagesThe Crucial Role of Symbols in To Kill a Mockingbird  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, themes and central ideas of the novel are emphasized by subtle symbols. Symbols shown throughout the novel not only represent concrete objects but also ideas, feelings, beliefs, and attitudes of the characters. Some symbols even represent more than one thing. Lees recurring use of symbols contribute to the underlying themes and ideas of the novel. Lees unusual title is a symbol itselfRead More Sexism, Prejudice, and Racism in Lees To Kill A Mockingbird2051 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout the book To Kill A Mockingbird Lee discusses the effects of ignorance and the toll it takes on people such as Tom Robinson, Boo Radley, Scout herself, and many more. Through her examples of sexism, prejudice, and racism, from the populist of poverty stricken Southerners, she shows the readers the injustice of many. The victims of ignorance are the ‘mockingbirds’ of the story. A good example of this injustice is the trial of T om Robinson, who is falsely accused of raping a white girl andRead MoreThe Mockingbirds in To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee Essay1989 Words   |  8 PagesWalt Whitman’s 1859 poem â€Å"Out of the Cradle Rocking Endlessly† depicts the mockingbird as a symbol of innocence that chants or sings of fond memories from the past. By contrast, Harper Lee’s famous novel To Kill a Mockingbird, published in 1960, written almost a century after Whitman’s poem, portrays the mockingbird as innocent but as a fragile creature with horrific memories – memories of discrimination, isolation, and violence. Harper Lee wrote her novel, which is rooted in the fictional townRead MoreNarration Of Atticus s Pov After The Guilty Ruling1973 Words   |  8 Pageswondered what Scout was thinking of as we walked down the desolate street. Title The title of To Kill a Mockingbird fits the story well for a number of reasons. The scene where the title is quoted is insignificant in terms of moving the plot forward. However, the meaning is explained when Atticus tells Jem and Scout it is a sin to kill a mockingbird, and this brings a major theme of the book into play. The title is so tied into a major theme of the book: the fact that if things do nothing but bringRead MoreThe Analysis of the Extract from the Novel â€Å"to Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee.1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe analysis of the extract from the novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee. Ostrikova Veronika Nelle Harper Lee was born April 28, 1926. She is an American novelist, who has published only one novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. Born in Monroeville, Alabama, she studied law at the University of Alabama, then spent a year in the United Kingdom, studying at Oxford. Living in New York City, she supported herself working as an airline reservation clerk, but was soon determined to pursue a career

The Yellow Wallpaper Analysis Free Essays

The Yellow Wallpaper Analysis As I started reading this short story, it clearly introduced who the characters are and where it took place. The narrator is a woman; she has no name, remains anonymous throughout the story. She lives with her husband John in a house. We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now This house is isolated from society, since the short story indicates that it is far from village, roads or any means of communication. It also contains locks and gates throughout. The woman is ill and this illness has placed her in a weak position with her husband and everything around her. We know that she likes to write, but her husband doesn’t let her, so she does it in secret. Although this type of writing is mainly to show mild personality disorder in dealing with life, at the same time I believe it shows how each person expresses their illness and how it builds up with certain outcome. Here the author shows how the woman expresses her illness through the circumstances of the yellow wallpaper such as dreaming and fantasying through the paper, which led to her breakdown. At first, the narrator describes the yellow wallpaper as ? It is dull enough to confuse the eye in following, pronounced enough to constantly irritate and provoke study, and when you follow the lame uncertain curves for a little distance they suddenly commit suicide–plunge off at outrageous angles, destroy themselves in unheard of contradictions  .? It shows how the narrator dislikes the yellow wallpaper and she elaborates her feelings towards it. This quote explains a lot about how she feels, and also points out how suppressed and weak she is. When it said ? follow the lame uncertain curves? t refers to the husband that may lead the narrator to commit suicide because of the way she listens and obeys him. Although he seems to say the things that would make her better and assure her that she is getting better, he is not really letting her do what would make her better, which is what she wants. As a physician who recognizes and treats his wife’s condition, it would appear to be that he understands her best, but he does not seem to realize how severe her state is. Neither does he have an adequate way of treating it, like not letting her do what she wants like for instance writing. I believe he underestimates the state of her mind, and he has a lot to do with the outcome of her condition. This leads to her obsession with the wallpaper. At first the narrator hated it, and then she got used to it. She started letting her imagination wander about this wallpaper, she saw in her mind’s eye people, scenes: ? there is a beautiful shaded lane that runs down there from the house. I always fancy I see people walking in these numerous paths and arbors, but John has cautioned me not to give way to fancy at least.? By focusing on these fantasies or dreams, I believe it expresses her feelings and makes her more confident. Despite what John thinks about her fantasies, she continues to imagine things. He thinks she is getting better in spite of her speculations, she knows she is getting better because of these speculations, her illness has its own certain effect and it even develops. John warns her several times that she must use her self-control to rein in her imagination, which he fears will run away with her. Of course, the narrator’s eventual insanity is a product of the  repression  of her imaginative power, not the expression of it. She is constantly longing for an emotional means, even going so far as to keep a secret journal, which she describes more than once as a â€Å"relief† to her mind. This illness progresses in a way that lets her see a woman in the wallpaper. She sees the same woman in different places and she thinks that the woman only gets out in daytime. She says, ? It is the same woman, I know, for she is always creeping along, and most women do not creep by daylight.? Lori Voth explains this part in a way that I totally agree with. She says that the woman who for some time is hidden in the background of the paper symbolizes the main character’s fear of presenting herself and her opinion. I agree that it is a symbol of fear because the narrator is a reflection of the hidden woman behind the wallpaper, which relates much to her. She is hiding in this house away from society, scared to say what she feels or what she wants. In my opinion, I think that this is one of the things that led to her depression, if the narrator was able to express herself from the beginning and not let her husband or anyone control her, as a result she may be in a better condition. Reaching the end, she doesn’t really care much about what anyone thinks. She starts showing certain actions that may confirm that she going insane, like peeling off all the paper, locking the door and throwing the key in the front path. On one hand it seems that she is gone insane, on the other hand, I think she is getting out of her cage, expressing what has been there all along may be in a certain way that only satisfies her. In my own view as I discussed it before, each individual has a certain way of expressing their illness or more likely their feelings, and it comes with different ways of behaviour (outcome) depending on the person. This story takes the reader’s mind to different view of women. Women are usually known for being the quiet, sophisticated, and reasonable characters in society. This time the reader may be taken into the inner-most realms of women’s mind and experiences. The experience of the narrator in the ? The Yellow Wallpaper? hows that she is gone mad because her role in society is limited and her ability to express herself creatively is constricted. This inability for her to express herself in a meaningful way eventually leads her to associate herself with the woman in the wallpaper who looks to be, like the narrator, behind bars or in a cage. Some important feminine critics have seen the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† not only an accurate representation of a situa tion of woman in a harsh culture but also a model for their own reading and writing practices (Davison 120). The yellow wallpaper represents several ideas and conditions and every time I read it a new view captures my eyes. Work cited * Voth, Lori. Article about ? The Yellow Wallpaper.? http://voices. yahoo. com/literary-analysis-yellow-wallpaper-charlotte-11251. html? cat=38.? Lori Voth, November 21, 2005. Web. October 29, 2012. * Davison, Carol Margaret.? Haunted House/Haunted Heroine: Female Gothic Closets in ? The Yellow Wallpaper.? Women’s studies 33. 1(2004):47-75. Academic search complete. Web. 6 November, 2012. How to cite The Yellow Wallpaper Analysis, Essay examples

Community Infant and Young Child Feeding †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Community Infant and Young Child Feeding. Answer: Introduction: Creativity and Innovation are the complementary to each other and are not synonymous. The term creativity is defined as the individual and mental phenomenon that associates the capability of individuals or groups of individuals who work simultaneously. The purpose of creativity and innovation is to transform and execute the ideas of the individuals. Without the proper creativity, there cannot be new products and designs in the market. Nigeria is a developing country where there is a skilled force of women engaging themselves in the process of creativity and innovation (Mathias 2017). Women as a whole form half the worlds entire population by providing and marketing a good percentage of food. However, it has been observed that women are essentially endowed with such skills where the key factors creativity and innovation are involved. This essay also discusses the creativity and innovation in all the sectors of Nigeria. Innovation and creativity is used as a tool for the process of emp owerment and the challenges that women face in Nigeria. Nigerias situation can be secured in the future when women are creative and innovative in nature. When it comes to women, the level of illiteracy is quite high and it got replaced by their skills of creativity and innovation. Women usually lack adequate skills and proper coverage when related to the agricultural extension that deals with the processes and services of food (Cornwall 2016). Women in Nigeria have been engaged with the cottage and other micro-economic enterprise in Nigeria. Since the level of illiteracy in Nigeria is high and it has majorly affected the Adepoju and Adelabu. Therefore, economic and policies does not support the concept of creativity and innovation. This is because the government had denied to boost the activities of the informal sector. Over the years, it has been noticed that there is inability of women to rise their level of potential as large scale producers to obstruct the creative abilities and growth of women in the informal sector. Gender discrimin ation has also affected the growth of women in Nigeria (Peeters and Ateljevic 2017). Therefore, if men in the society carry out the same activities, they are rated to be higher and attract better remuneration. Similarly, male chefs receive better remuneration as compared to that of what women get in the informal sector (Csikszentmihalyi 2014). As observed earlier, Nigeria have been facing such difficulties over the years regarding the empowerment of women in the country. Therefore, innovation and creation are the basic characteristics in the concept of women empowerment. The participation of women enhances the development and growth of the society. Since women of Nigeria are capable of the creativity and innovation, they can improve the economic growth of the country. Thereafter, women of Nigeria can increase the productivity and secure the future of Nigeria. The two key factors creativity and innovation among women are the best way to determine and recognize their creativity traits. Creativity refers to originality that will lead to the development and prosperity of the country. Creative traits are a method by which distinctive products appear from the interaction of the organism and the environment. Therefore, both creativity and innovations depend on each other. If there is no involvement of creativity, innovation canno t be developed. For instance, without any effective process to transform the ideas and executing it, the nation will fail to grow and develop. Nigeria in particular have a history of having a combination of both innovation and creation to make necessary alterations in the society. According to the history, Nigerian women used to associate themselves in the activities of the farm and in other industries in the entire country (Albert, Werhane and Rolph 2014). For securing the future, the women of Nigeria have indulged themselves in certain activities like the industries of textile, food processing, weaving and tailoring of the informal sector. Such innovative and creative abilities help them to achieve the necessities that are required to develop and protect the country. They have entrepreneurial skills that should be put to use for the betterment of the city (Blake 2016). Creativity and Innovation also plays a role in the innovation of the society. The creativity and innovation will lead to a better future of Nigeria. Such improvement will help in positioning the economy of the country. Therefore, there is an illiteracy level among the women of Nigeria, innovation and creativity should occur in that field for securing the future of Nigeria. Women of Nigeria are anyway skilled in the industries which will be helpful to increase the economy. They should also be provided with educational creativity and innovation. With this development, more number of women can be employed in other sectors of the country (Kakabadse et al. 2015). Educational creativity refers to a situation where there is involvement of imagination, originality and advancement in this concept. Reforms can be done with the help of certain innovation and creativity in this sphere. The reform or alterations done must be seen through these two processes. Such radical changes must be made in t he educational, political and other sectors. If all the sectors are given equal attention then the country will have proper growth and development. Therefore, by not discriminating between men and women, women empowerment should be able to crate and innovate for a better future of Nigeria. For Innovation and Creativity, women should also have empowerment in the social, economic and political (Wagner and Compton 2015). The theory of women empowerment is the result of the debates that are generated by the movements of women throughout the Third World Feminist. The concept of women empowerment deals with the aim of challenging the patriarchal ideology. It should transform the structures and institutions that demolish the notion of gender discrimination and inequality. The process of empowerment includes the sources and structure of power. Empowerment implies the increase of consciousness and disempowered men in all the spheres. Women proceed social empowerment by engaging in the development activities and tackle the social problems. Health programs, literacy classes and training should be provided to women for securing the position of Nigeria as a whole. A country should not be governed and ruled by men only. Better Life for women programs should also be facilitated for the women to progress in the society and be at par with the men. Women should improve, control and strengthen the economic security. Training and facilities must be provided to the women of the country. Women should be made aware of how to make use of the technologies for the betterment of Nigeria. It is worthy to contribute women of Nigeria as it is at par with the men of the country and therefore it can secure the future of it with the help of innovation and creativity. Women of Nigeria have the power to secure the country (Dawson and Andriopoulos 2014). Africa was always dominated by patriarchy. Men have always considered themselves as the decision makers. Thereafter, women have developed the their skills in the educational and industries. Over the years, women have improved in the spheres of education, cottage industries, farming and trading. Innovation is cyclical as it creates and invests new developments for securing the country. The more women innovate, the more they tend to inspire and allow other women to innovate. This is beneficial for the country. Cultivating innovation and encouraging gender equality results in creating new solutions to difficult problems. Therefore, innovation and creation nature of women can help in securing Nigeria and its future. Nigerian men and women are both at par and it will have a better future. References: Albert, P.J., Werhane, P. and Rolph, T., 2014. Introduction. InGlobal Poverty Alleviation: A Case Book(pp. 1-11). Springer, Dordrecht. Blake, M.K., 2016. Finding alterity in innovation or finding innovation in alterity?. InInterrogating Alterity(pp. 99-114). Routledge. Cornwall, A., 2016. Women's Empowerment: What Works?.Journal of International Development,28(3), pp.342-359. Csikszentmihalyi, M., 2014. Society, culture, and person: A systems view of creativity. InThe Systems Model of Creativity(pp. 47-61). Springer Netherlands. Dawson, P. and Andriopoulos, C., 2014.Managing change, creativity and innovation. Sage. Kakabadse, N.K., Figueira, C., Nicolopoulou, K., Hong Yang, J., Kakabadse, A.P. and zbilgin, M.F., 2015. Gender diversity and board performance: Women's experiences and perspectives. Human Resource Management,54(2), pp.265-281. Lamstein, S.A., 2017. Women's empowerment in Nigeria: baseline data from an evaluation of the Community Infant and Young Child Feeding (C-IYCF) Counselling Package.The Lancet Global Health,5, p.S29. MATHIAS, B.A., 2017. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF EDUCATION FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN NIGERIA.Social Science Research,3(1). Peeters, L.W. and Ateljevic, I., 2017. Women empowerment entrepreneurship nexus in tourism: Processes of social innovation. InTourism and Entrepreneurship(pp. 94-109). Routledge. Wagner, T. and Compton, R.A., 2015.Creating innovators: The making of young people who will change the world. Simon and Schuster.