Tom Robinsons Trial And To Kill A Mocking Bird Essay Example For Students

Tom Robinsons Trial And To Kill A Mocking Bird Essay Tom Robinsons Trial And To Kill A Mocking BirdHarper Lees novel ?To kill a Mocking bird revolves around Maycomb atypical rural town of the American South. The story is set in the 1930s a periodwhen racism and prejudice are commonly encountered in everyday life. The novelfollows the conviction of an apparently innocent Black man sentenced almostentirely due to his race. It is through this mans trail we see how harshMaycomb society is on minorities. During the trial scenes we learn a lot aboutpeoples views and beliefs on other people and the strict codes by whichpeople have to live. We learn the most about Maycomb Society through the trial. We will write a custom essay on Tom Robinsons Trial And To Kill A Mocking Bird specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Town trials were big social events in the 1930s. The trial is described as a?Gala occasion and many people acted as if they were attending a?Carnival, rather than to see a man on trial for his life. The townsreaction to what is happening tells us a lot about peoples ideology and thegeneral time frame. We learn more about the mutual hatred between AfricanAmericans and ?whites in a legal sense. Groups like the ?Idlersclub and the Mennonites enjoyed seeing a Black mans freedom taken awayfrom him. Tom Robinson was found guilty of raping Mayella Ewell, in the face ofvery strong evidence that his accusers were lying. One reason why he wasconvicted was because it was a white mans word against a black mans one. Tom, who is black, would be denied justice because of this. Atticus reinforcesthis idea when he tells Jem ?in our courts, when its a white mans wordagainst a black mans, the white man always wins. Generally this was thementality of most Americans at the time. In Maycomb a white mans word wasalways taken without any regard as to how trustworthy he was. Another reason whyhe was convicted was because Tom Robinson went against the accepted position ofa Negro by daring to feel sorry for a White person. All these prejudices are aresult of people holding onto performed ideas of a certain set of people. It isnot just racial prejudice, which is present in Maycomb but the narrow, rigid,intolerant codes of behaviour, which the townspeople wish to impose on others. These prejudice all show the inability of the people to, as Atticus puts it?consider things from his point of view and the lack of understandingbetween them. The courthouse reflects the social division seen in Maycomb. Thecourthouse itself is very old fashioned in the way that it is built and itslaws. The segregation between Blacks and Whites is emphasised by the way theBlacks file in last and are seated in the balcony. Their kindly politeness toJem, Dill and Scout is again shown when the children come to sit in the?coloured balcony. Four Blacks give up their seats for them. This alsoimplies that White children have precedence over Black adults. We also can seethat the childrens admission to the balcony underlies their lack ofprejudice. A prime example of prejudice within the book is shown when theIdlers club find out that Atticus will defend Tom ?properly. They aredisgraced at this. Atticus is an example of someone who is an anchor of reasonwithin Maycomb. He is chosen to defend Tom at trial because Judge Taylor knowsthat Atticus would give a fair defence. Atticus would fight his hardest to winthe case even though he is bound to lose, because this is what Atticus views asthe meaning of true courage ? ?Simply because we are licked a hundred yearsbefore we started is no reason for us to try to win. By saying this Atticusbelieves that even if this is the hardest case he will use his courage to tryhis best, since it is morally wrong not to take the case just because there isno chance of winning. Atticus chooses to defend Tom Robinson when no otherlawyer would. He was one of the few respectable people not blinded by the racialinjustice Tom Robinson faced. Not only did Atticus defend Tom in the courthouse,but he defended him at jail on one occasion too. Atticus beliefs are spokenin his speech on the code of the society. In this speech he spoke of the strictlaws, old traditions and ways of thinking that are still prevalent in Maycomb. Whites were not to communicate or get involved with Blacks. This was a codeMayella Ewell broke by tempting a black man ? ?She was white and she tempteda Negro she did something that in our society is unspeakable. The Juryhearing the case is all white this is because of their superiority in society. Atticus hopes that by this justice will not be mocked as it has in the past. Mayella is viewed as an outsider. Although she is the prosecution in the case,Mayella never set out to intentionally hurt Tom. She was lonely and only wantedaffection from Tom, this being thought of as a crime at the time. Mayella didnot commit a crime, but in fact broke a moral code of society. Mayellaconsidering tempting a Black man showed that her view on the Negroes was notentirely the same as the rest of Maycomb. However Mayella had been convinced oneway or the other that by convicting Tom was the only way to restore thefamilys lost pride after she broke the moral codes of society. DolphusRaymond is also viewed, as an outsider who is rejected by Maycomb society;because he is a White man yet prefers to live with Negroes. He has a reputationof being a drunkard, but this is just a pretence. Mr. Raymond is actually a verysensitive man who loathes society and hates the ?hell white people givecoloured folks, without even stopping to thing that theyre people to. Dolphus, unlike Atticus does not have the courage to admit his preference ofNegroes. So, he presents himself as a drinker so people might think he is drunkand excuse him from his action. In Atticus basic summing up he talks abouthow for once people should look at Tom Robinson as a human rather than as a?Negro or a ?coloured man. They would say that a man was immoral onlybecause the colour of his skin happened to be a little darker than their own. .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 , .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 .postImageUrl , .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 , .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64:hover , .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64:visited , .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64:active { border:0!important; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64:active , .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64 .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueeaa8ca30cd7637ceb70ca922f136d64:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tactics During The Revolutionary War EssayAtticus openly defies traditional thinking even while under scrutiny of theentire town, particularly in his final courtroom speech. Maycomb citizensbelieve that Tom Robinson is not, and should not be part of their lives or oftheir community Atticus, on the other hand finds faults with the townstraditional views. Thinking reasonably and intelligently, he knows he does notwant his children to grow up with similar views. He attacks old southerntradition by using the law. He lives by a traditional code in which justice ishighly valued. Atticus strongly believes that ?in our courts all men arecreated equal. Atticus knows that if there i s one place in which the time-honouredcodes of southern society can be broken, it is in a court of law. He discovers,however, that tradition is not easily broken and laws are not easily changed. Nearly everyone in the town has a basic trust for Atticus that he will do whatis right, despite the fact they despise his independent thinking. Although theverdict is inevitable it has taken the jury time to reach. By the trial thejurys ways of doing things have been changed. Miss. Maudie Atkinson pointsout that usually with this kind of case the verdict would be reached in aminute. But this time it took a long time. As well as this he points out thatJudge Taylor appointed Tom the best possible lawyer ? instead of using anun-experienced Maxwell Green. Miss. Maudie uses these two things to defend thetown and its people in showing a sign of change. She feels that they have made a?baby step in the right direction. Maycomb has changed a little bit, butthere is still a long way to go before black and white can be equal. Althoughdisappointed and frustrated by the verdict, Jem and Scout both learn valuablelessons. Atticus succeeds in conveying his simple message that when a white mancheats a black man, ?no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a familyhe comes from, that white man is trash. After the trial, Jem and Scoutdont care what people say about their ?nigger-loving father. It does notmatter because he has bestowed upon them a new tradition of thinking. Jem andScout do not think in terms of class and race. Scout does not have to think hardto know that she would ?let Tom Robinson go so quick the Missionary Societywouldnt have time to catch its breath if it was up to her and if Jem hadbeen on the jury ?Tom would be a free man. Atticus is pleased by hischildrens views. Atticus has one wish entering into the trial and that isthat Jem and Scout get through it without catching Maycombs usualdisease. One of the major themes that this novel presents is the loss ofinnocence that children were beginning to encounter at a younger age. During TomRobinsons trial, Reverend Sykes says ?this aint fit for Miss. JeanLouise or you boys either, thinking that the description of sexual harassmentwas a subject too mature for their age. The childrens innocence allows themto see through the artificial barrier of colour and to accept and individual forwhat they are. Harper Lee uses Atticus and his relationship with his children tointegrate the themes of growing up and the law. Atticus raises his childrenaccording to his principles. His teachings to his children come back to rewardhim. For example he explains to his daughter Scout how the Cunningham family ispoor but proud enough that they do not accept charity. This stimulates enoughquestions in her young mind that when the she is at the jail when the Lynch Mobarrives she effectively saves Tom Robinsons life by unnerving the mob withinnocent questions about Walter Cunningham. In her innocent gesture, Scout makesMr. Cunningham realise that he is a father, not just part of a mob, and, in asense, he ?walks around in Atticus skin for a moment. Atticusdemonstrates great bravery in defending Tom Robinson. Much of the Whitecommunity turns against him and even take out their rage on his children. Children like Cecil Jacobs and Francis both tease Scout about her father being a?nigger lover. Aunt Alexandra feels that Atticus was bringing the familyname down. Despite this Atticus does not compromise his morals or allow hischildren to do so. The children in Maycomb are influenced very much by theirrelations. This leads to many children picking up what comes from their parents My folks said your daddy was a disgrace an that Nigger oughta hangfrom the watertank! Absurd actions often interfere with young ones makingthem act in the same manner. Bob and Mayella Ewell portray the ?white trashof Maycomb. Knowing the low esteem associated with the name ?Ewell theystrive to control people and maintain the status of untouchables. The Ewellsdo not go to school, do not accept charity, and do not recogniseAfrican-Americans as real human beings. To accentuate his status Bob Ewelldehumanises the African-American, calling them ?niggers and treating themlike animals. The trial becomes a stage for another one of the Ewells games,a game for the whole town to witness. The actions of this lead to dyerconsequences. The Ewells answer to no one and remain immune to the results ofsuch actions. A different type of prejudice shown in the novel is classprejudice. It is unconsciously shown by Scout as well as a few of hercompatriots on her first day at school. They attributed certain qualities toeach family in Maycomb and expected these traits to be hereditary. For examplethe reason which Scout gave as to why Walter refused the quarter which Miss. Fisher offered was because ?he is a Cunningham and the reason why Burriswas so dirty and impudent was, as far as the children were concerned, wasbecause ?he is one of the Ewells. This shows the complacent way in whichclass prejudice is treated within Maycomb, in Maycomb it is just taken forgranted, no questions asked. In fact the children, in stating thesecharacteristics of the Cunninghams and the Ewells did not even realise that theywere being prejudiced, they had just been brought up that way. Later, when Jeminvited Walter to teal Scout criticised his table manners. Calpurnia and Atticuswere angry with Scout by saying that Walter was ?company and could eatwhatever he wanted. When Scout retaliated by saying that Walter wad not?company that he was just a ?Cunningham, Calpurnia did not let thatserve as an excuse for humiliating him. In this way Calpurnia tried to stopScout gaining the class prejudice of Maycomb and to treat all people equally. .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 , .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 .postImageUrl , .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 , .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1:hover , .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1:visited , .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1:active { border:0!important; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1:active , .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1 .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u815b0c5d1e5ce2c26d5740097fdeb8d1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: By: Anonymous EssayWhen Scout innocently wanted to befriend Walter Cunningham, a farmers boy,Aunt Alexandra responded saying ?Finch women arent interested in that sortof people. Scout vainly protested this bias and could not understand why twopeople could not be friends, regardless of monetary or scholarly status. AuntAlexandra is part of the Ladies Missionary Circle, which is a group, whichspreads the Christian faith in the community, but in this case they turn out tobe the small town gossips. The ladies of the missionary circle speak withcompassion for the neglected tribes of Africa while insulting and demeaning theNegroes who work in their homes. The Missionary tea ladi es comments about theBlacks is more than evident within the trial, they were part of a large group ofpeople who overlooked all the evidence in favour of Tom Robinson at the trial,just because he was Black. This is very typical of such a group as it is all agroup of white people. Another aspect of Maycomb society is shown through theyhypocritical prejudice shown at school. During school, where the teacher isexplaining the difference between democracy and dictatorship, the teacher usesthe United States as an example, Scout wonders how they can call themselves ademocracy when they are still prejudice against Negroes. The irony of Miss. Gates lecture on democracy compared to her comments at the trial is evident. The irony is that US will be changing to make it fair between Black and White inorder to become a true democracy. Scouts teacher plays a game of being asympathetic southern school teacher. She appears to be the perfect gentle woman,set in tradition and very sympathetic to the less fortunate, such as the Jews inGermany who suffer persecution. She says ?Persecution comes from those who areprejudiced. Miss. Gates part also includes the confidence in her higherstature, though she sensibly plays the part down. Many other towns-women alsomodel themselves after; they become role models. They set distinctions thatresult in the traditions of the town. The Black church in Maycomb, which was aplace of worship on Sunday, is described as a gambling house for white men onweek days. This again highlights that segregation was not only evident in publicbuildings but places of worship too. When Calpurnia takes Jem and Scout to herchurch the Black members of the congregation take their hats of to them inrespect. However Lula has great antagonism towards them. Lula felt that becauseall the white churches in town were segregated, why should white people beallowed in Black churches. This shows that the hatred between the two racesworks both ways. Scout finds the church service to be similar to her own exceptfro a few differences. One of them which shock Jem and Scout greatly is the factthat Helen Robinson, Toms wife is collecting money, and not letting anyone gountil enough money has been collected The reason why she is collecting moneywhen she has the ability to work and earn her own money is because as herhusband was being charged for a crime like that, no one would employ Helen. EvenAtticus the character intended to have exceptional principles and moralsreflects the influences of being raised in the midst of southern traditions. When Calpurnia rides with him to tell of Tom Robinsons death, she rides inthe back seat. This she probably does by choice, as she is well aware of thecontroversy she may create if she was to ride in the front seat with Atticus. Few whites in Maycomb were actually willing to suffer the shame anddiscrimination by other whites bought by treating a black as an equal. The firstsign of prejudice in the novel is shown by the Finch children regarding BooRadley. They see him as a type of monster or a ?malevolent phantom as Scoutso aptly put it. People were misunderstood because they were never really givena chance to become known. Boo Radley is a perfect example of one who wasmisunderstood, as shown by how Jem, Scout and Dill thought ?hell kill useach and everyone. Boo too, was an outsider he was a man who kept away fromsociety, as he seemed to fear it. Boo was a man who was misunderstood andbecause of this he suffered injustice. Boo did not handle the injustice becausehe did not know about it. Harper Lees novel portrays themes which are asrelevant today as they were at the time of its setting. Some children areinfluenced by society, but the innocence of some children prove vital in areasof the novel. An awful lot a bout Maycomb Society is learnt through the trial,and experience, which the whole community seems to share. The traits, which thetrial reveals about Maycomb Society, are generally evident elsewhere in thebook. For example these include racism, prejudice, gender bias, class system,narrow and strict codes of behaviour and gossip. Throughout the story ?To killa Mockingbird, people were placed in symbolic and actual prisons. The importantthing is that these people conquered and broke-free from their own imprisonment. The same challenges and follies that were present in the novel are also presentin our communities; by reading ?To kill a mocking bird we can learn fromthe characters lives and possibly gain insight to our own.

Free Essays on Goals And Aspirations

It’s unbelievable how each year, since the beginning of high school, my perfectly laid plans for myself have unavoidably deteriorated. When I entered my freshman year, I had aspirations of being a doctor (something I had wanted to be since I was a child). Now, here I am entering my junior year in high school without any idea of what I want to do. Now seems to be the time to start taking life seriously and making responsible, educated choices. Looking back on it now, I realize that I cannot become the doctor I wanted to be. I have come to realize that, that dream was not only my own, but a dream of my family. My parents often talked of me becoming a doctor and although their enthusiasm continued throughout my childhood and early adolescence, until finally I realized I did not want to become a doctor. I remember how hard it seemed to tell my parents of my decision, I felt as if I was letting them down, but I eventually came to realize that they wanted me to do what made me happy. I am not sure of why I changed my mind of becoming a doctor, I had the grades and the willingness, but somewhere I was missing something and I felt that I would not be satisfied in a medical career. So I started thinking about what I wanted to do; I went from electronics to law enforcement, engineering, and numerous other professions. Now I come to a point in my life where I must choose what to do with my future, choose what will make me happy. I have always wanted the typical dream, to have a stable job that pays well, and a house in the suburbs. But now I realize that there are so many other steps I need to take in order to achieve these goals. This includes graduating from high school and college and finding that perfect job. I have begun to realize that I have yet to begin my life, everything up until now has been practice for the real world. My one goal for the future is... Free Essays on Goals And Aspirations Free Essays on Goals And Aspirations It’s unbelievable how each year, since the beginning of high school, my perfectly laid plans for myself have unavoidably deteriorated. When I entered my freshman year, I had aspirations of being a doctor (something I had wanted to be since I was a child). Now, here I am entering my junior year in high school without any idea of what I want to do. Now seems to be the time to start taking life seriously and making responsible, educated choices. Looking back on it now, I realize that I cannot become the doctor I wanted to be. I have come to realize that, that dream was not only my own, but a dream of my family. My parents often talked of me becoming a doctor and although their enthusiasm continued throughout my childhood and early adolescence, until finally I realized I did not want to become a doctor. I remember how hard it seemed to tell my parents of my decision, I felt as if I was letting them down, but I eventually came to realize that they wanted me to do what made me happy. I am not sure of why I changed my mind of becoming a doctor, I had the grades and the willingness, but somewhere I was missing something and I felt that I would not be satisfied in a medical career. So I started thinking about what I wanted to do; I went from electronics to law enforcement, engineering, and numerous other professions. Now I come to a point in my life where I must choose what to do with my future, choose what will make me happy. I have always wanted the typical dream, to have a stable job that pays well, and a house in the suburbs. But now I realize that there are so many other steps I need to take in order to achieve these goals. This includes graduating from high school and college and finding that perfect job. I have begun to realize that I have yet to begin my life, everything up until now has been practice for the real world. My one goal for the future is...

Alternative Sources Of Energy

Alternative Sources Of Energy Bio-fuels are formed from biomass, normally plants seeds, and liquid bio fuels can be use for transportation. We are one of the world’s leading distributors of bio fuels and we are developing enhanced bio fuels that could see CO2 reductions and a sustainable alternative fuel source. The two main forms of bio fuel today are ethanol and FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters), which have largely relied on food crops such as wheat or sugar cane as their source. We are working to find a source material that does not compete with food crops, to develop a conversion process that will produce low CO2, and to produce efficient fuels. Our bio fuels research includes finding alternative feedstocks. We are looking into finding tough new enzymes to break down the cellulose in plants such as straw. Algae have potential as a sustainable source of vegetable oil that could be used for the production of bio fuel for diesel engines. It is early days but algae hold promise, as they grow rapidly and c an be cultivated in ponds of seawater and minimise the use of fertile land and fresh water. Alternative Energy The world has plenty of potential renewable energy sources, but each has its own technical challenges. Scientists are working to develop alternative energy sources that are sustainable, clean and convenient. Fossil fuels are expected to remain the world’s main source of energy for decades to come but sustainable, clean and convenient energy sources will also be needed in the mix. Today’s most widespread biofuel, ethanol, is commonly made from starchy or sugary plants. Hydrogen is seen by many as â€Å"the fuel of the future†, but it still has a long way to go. It is an energy carrier, in the same way as electricity, and so must be produced from another substance. Most commonly, hydrogen is produced using steam that reacts with methane and converts it into hydrogen and carbon. It can also be produced from water through electrolysis. The hydrogen can then be stored and converted to energy via hydrogen fuel cells, now available for cars. In hydrogen fuel cell vehicles a chemical reaction inside the fuel cell – usually between hydrogen and oxygen – creates electricity for the motor and the only resulting exhaust pipe emission is water vapour. We are learning as much as possible about hydrogen refuelling and how to meet future customer needs. We are involved in research and demonstration projects and have already opened a cluster of commercial hydrogen filling stations. biomass Biomass is any plant derived organic matter available on a renewable basis, including dedicated energy crops and trees, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants etc. The energy in biomass can be harnessed in waste-to-energy plants or cogeneration plants. Waste-to-Energy Plants All incinerable waste not recovered, reused or recycled is sent for incineration at the waste-to-ener gy plants operated by the National Environment Agency. The combustion of municipal waste including renewables in the waste produce heat,

Comparison Of Hinduism & Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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The Role Of Technology In Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Cross-Cultural Differences Company X Essay Example for Free

Cross-Cultural Differences Company X Essay A. Cross-Cultural Differences Company X is considering expanding its business to China. However, prior to moving into a new and foreign market, Company X must understand the various cross cultural differences that are relevant to properly conducting business in China. By being more sensitive to and understanding the cross-cultural differences, Company Xs transition into the new market should be less challenging and improve its chances of acceptance. Language, work ethic and material culture are three cultural differences that should, first, be understood prior to pursuing opportunities in China. Language is a barrier that will greatly influence the ability of Company X to conduct business in China. Included in this category is spoken, written and body language. If not adequately addressed, spoken language barriers will result in miscommunication, the inability to collaborate, and inability to deliver appropriate customer service. Specific to China is that there are 1000s of dialects and it is common for residents of China from various parts of the country to even have difficulty understanding their fellow countryman’s local dialects. However, the spoken language barrier can be overcome by adopting the use of an interpreter to to assist in verbal communication and establishing appropriate relationships (Ball et al, 2009). By leveraging local experts who are fluent in Mandarin or Cantonese, depending on where business is to be conducted, will likely result in a competitive advantage for Company X. its important to have a interpreter who also understands Company Xs industry. Furthermore, its important to avoid the use of idioms and jargon specific to the organization. When engaged in a conversation, it is important avoid using the word â€Å"no.† Instead, an acceptable response to a question might be, â€Å"we will take the idea into consideration and get back to you about the item.† In the U.S., its common to respond with and acceptable to respond with the word â€Å"no† when appropriate. However, it could impair business relations when not approached properly. Next, it is imperative to accurately translate written communications in a form that is understandable and appropriate for the specific foreign audience, in this case China, and to ensure meanings are not lost. This might include translating technical manuals, catalogs and advertising ideas into Mandarin or Cantonese. In translating documentation, it will be critical; to select words in the from the chosen language that have the same meaning as the English words (Ziganag Fan, 2004). Employing qualified translators who can accurately convert English text to the required language will allow Company X to overcome the written language challenges Its important to understand and be aware of body language while conducting business in China (Ball et al, 2009). . For example, when entering a room, the host will usually direct a guest to sit. Otherwise, it would be considered rude to sit prior to being directed by the host. In the the U.S. This may not be seen as an issue. However, it is one of the cultural differences to be aware of. Another example is with personal space. In the U.S., for example, its common to maintain an arms lengths distance from others. Approaching closer is considered inappropriate and can make some feel uncomfortable. In China, on the other hand, it is common for others to be in what Americans might consider their â€Å"personal space.â€Å" No offense is meant by the action. This is just another cultural challenge to be aware of as Company X pursues business in China. Work Ethic and business relationships are further cross cultural differences that need to be carefully approached. In the Chinese business culture, personal relationships directly influence work ethic and business relationships. According to one expert, â€Å"China is a relational-oriented country in which people place great importance on personal relationship. Chinese managers may initially focus more effort on building social and interpersonal relations before entering into business or contractual relationship† (Ziganag Fan, 2004). For example, employee loyalty can be described and improved by reciprocating favors. Developing business relationships are expected to take more time in the Chinese culture as opposed to how they are developed in the united States. In the U.S., businesses and clients typically meet in a formal setting and focus on the business requirements and solutions whereas, in China, first, second and even third meetings might be in informal settings where b usiness is not expected to even be discussed. The legal system is another issue to be considered when doing business in China because it is still viewed as being in a developing stage. Contracts, for example, are highly influenced by this difference. In the Chinese culture, contracts describe how relationships will be developed whereas in the United States, the contract is a binding agreement that spells out the specific terms, conditions and expectations from each party involved. As Company X pursues the possibility of expanding business to China, it must understand that the Chinese business culture does not place as much emphasis on the binding force of a written contract. B. Compare U.S. business practices to practices in your proposed country for each of the following: Product, Price, Promotion and Place The marketing mix should be taken into consideration as Company X considers expansion int the China market. It is important to recognize that strategies that are effective in the United States will not necessarily be effective in China. Therefore, the components of the marketing mix (products, price, promotion and place) strategies might require adjustments to become attractive to the Chinese market. Often times, the total product must be modified to accommodate the needs and appeal of a specific market. This does not necessarily mean that the manufacturing or production process is modified. The total product consists of the brand, accessories, services, warranty, instructions, image and packaging (Ball et al, 2009). For example, if Company X decides to sell certain circuit boards in China, it might be more beneficial to modify the package and instructions that are written in English for the U.S. Market and translate into Mandarin or Cantonese for the Chinese market. Another example is in the frozen food industry. If Company X is distributing frozen meats, like chicken and beef, to grocery retailers in the U.S. and wants to expand into the Chinese market, the company might encounter infrastructure challenges because many rural and undeveloped areas of China may not be equipped with freezers. Its more common to find fresh or live chickens in markets so Company X may want to consid er modifying its product strategy from distributing frozen food in China to fresh distribution as an alternative. Pricing also needs to be addressed because purchasing power in the foreign currency may differ from the U.S. dollar. Prices need to be adjusted to consider the cost of living in China. For example, if a widget in the U.S. is costs ten dollars, the price might be equivalent to forty dollars in local Chinese currency (Ball et al, 2009). Consumer wages are lower in much of China making purchasing a more expensive item out of reach for many potential consumers. Additional factors include price increases due to taxes and tariffs. Promotion includes methods for effectively communicating a message, such as through advertising, to achieve a desired perception. Forms of advertising include radio, television, billboards, internet and brochures. The messaging delivered in the U.S. Market will likely differ form how the product is presented in China. In the U.S., advertisements for a particular product may focus on cost savings and product quality benefits, whereas in China, advertisements typically project how the product will improve ones quality of life. In the U.S., there are are variety of Another important consideration is place or distribution. In other words, how will Company X get the product to customers in China? Place takes into consideration factors like distribution partners, geography, trade routes and climate (Ball et al, 2009). Distribution in the U.S. is highly developed an easy to access. By utilizing domestic shipping companies, product can be in the hands of a customer overnight or within hours, for that matter. If Company X leverages retail distributors like supermarkets, consumers can get their products even quicker. The United States has a highly developed infrastructure system of roads bridges and seaports that enable product to easily move to every city in the country. On the other hand, there will be challenges to doing business in China. These includes regions of markets that are landlocked, where there is no seaport access with less developed roads resulting in slower movement of product. When conducting business in China, it is common practice to develop partnership with foreign distributors who are familiar with the regional and local cultures, industry and business climate. Most importantly, prior to launching business in China, it will require a series of meetings to get to know partners, their understanding of the markets and their success. C. Ethical Issues Its important to understand that certain common practices in one country may be prohibited and illegal in another country. Two distinct ethical issues that will influence proceeding with conducting business in China is the political environment and practice of gift giving. First, in the United States it is a common practice for large industries or businesses to engage in politics and attempt to influence laws through lobbying. Companies might even go as far as publicly criticizing the U.S. Governments position on a particular issue. This is legal and often commonplace in the United States. On the other hand, in China, it is unlawful for businesses to speak out against or criticize government policy so the business must be cautious to comply with policy and not voice dissent. Secondly, gift giving is no longer encouraged in the U.S., and furthermore, in some cases may be construed as bribery which is illegal. Some businesses even limit the value of gift that employee s can accept from vendors. Even in within the federal government, employees are prohibited from accepting meal offers from suppliers that exceeds twenty five dollars. An equity trader who offers an executive at a firm, a gift in the form of a large sum of money in return for specific â€Å"inside† information, would be considered bribery and is completely illegal in the United States. In China, however, it is common practice and expected to give gifts to potential business clients. The act is a welcomed practice that takes place at all levels of business. Obviously, there are limits that might cross into unlawful practices, specifically when offering high valued gifts to government officials.

Othello’s Diversity of Imagery Essay -- Othello essays

Othello’s Diversity of Imagery  Ã‚        Ã‚   The diverse imagery found in Shakespeare’s drama Othello represents a world all by itself. And this world of imagery contributes to the prevailing sentiment of pain and suffering and unpleasantness.    There is no shortage of imagery in the play; this is for certain. Critic Caroline Spurgeon in â€Å"Shakespeare’s Imagery and What it Tells Us† sorts through the plethora of imagery in the play:    The main image in Othello is that of animals in action, preying upon one another, mischievous, lascivious, cruel or suffering, and through these, the general sense of pain and unpleasantness is much increased and kept constantly before us. More than half the animal images in the play are Iago’s, and all these are contemptuous or repellent: a plague of flies, a quarrelsome dog, the recurrent image of bird-snaring, leading asses by the nose, a spider catching a fly, beating an offenceless dog, wild cats, wolves, goats and monkeys. To these Othello adds his pictures of foul toads breeding in a cistern, summer flies in the shambles, the ill-boding raven over the infected house, a toad in a dungeon, the monster ‘too hideous to be shown,’ bird-snaring again, aspics’ tongues, crocodiles’ tears, and his reiteration of goats and monkeys.’ In addition, [. . .] . (79)    The play’s imagery is oftentimes reflective of the fortunes of the protagonist. As the Moor’s status declines, the quality of the imagery in the play declines. In The Riverside Shakespeare Frank Kermode explains the relationship between imagery and Othello’s jealousy:    It is very important to see that Othello’s self-estimate – â€Å"one not easily jealious, but, being wrought, / Perplexed in the extreme† (V.ii.345-... ...rizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16.    Kermode, Frank. â€Å"Othello, the Moor of Venice.† The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Spurgeon, Caroline. â€Å"Shakespeare’s Imagery and What it Tells Us.† Shakespearean Tragedy. Ed. D. F. Bratchell. New York: Routledge, 1990.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.            

Cleopatra Essay

The 1963 film presents extravagance, opulence. The costumes worn were lavish and the scene entering Rome portrays not the decadence of her life style, but that of the film production. Furthermore, the 1963 film compared to the 1917 film which showed more hieroglyphics on the walls and columns which was the stereotypic view of ancient egyptian life. The budget of later adaptations would have been a factor. Nowadays television provides a much easier and cost effective form of production. The other considerations for the films and television programs over this period of time is the view of the female in the world as a whole. What difference do we see in the power of the woman Theda Bara at a time when females in the early 1900 were campaigning for the vote? When they were taking the main role in factories, and on land in all forms of manufacturing, during the two world wars. We then come to the first of what can be called the modern women with Elizabeth Taylor. It could be argued that she is how we imagine Cleopatra to be. When you look at the dvd case and the book of reputations presented to us for the first assignment, are they not the eyes of Elizabeth Taylor? (AA100 Reputations Book). Then on to Xena in which we have a black Cleopatra in the television adaptation, we see the female turn warrior but still very feminine. – (AA100 DVD). The view in the 1917 film I feel shows her as a dippy, demure and in some ways subservient female. As time moves on to the 1960 we see her as a stronger, forceful and intelligent being, but still plays the role to some extent of wife and mother in mid-20th century society. The 21st century adaptation with Xena has had a great impact throughout the world on our view of Cleopatra. The use of television and the internet shows the power shift between male and females over the last 100 years in society shifting towards the female. In 1917 and 1963, Cleopatra appeared as a white Euro/American. Should she in fact have been played by somebody from Greece or North Africa? In conclusion to the comparison of Cleopatra over the the last 100 years on film and television, do we see her in a different light? With more data available it would be irresponsible not to take a more measured view of what we have learnt of her. She has changed from the â€Å"dippy† interpretation to the steely-eyed head of state.

How the Ritz Carlton is a successful company Essay

This work attempts to answer what management objectives and goals help enable the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company achieve a high level of overall success despite having to operate hotels in diverse locations across the globe. Two management objectives will be analyzed to include the establishment of company Gold Standards and the objective to enhance company online systems. The Ritz-Carlton hotel company has been and continues to be, one of the most successful hotel chains globally, since according to the company website, it has â€Å"received all the major awards the hospitality industry and leading consumer organizations can bestow† (â€Å"Awards,† 2013). The Ritz-Carlton company has also earned the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award issued from the U. S. Department of Commerce twice (â€Å"Awards,† 2013). Along with achieving these awards, Ritz-Carlton has grown from managing a single hotel in Boston to managing over 81 hotels worldwide with plans for further expansion (â€Å"Fact Sheet,† 2013). Clearly, Ritz-Carlton is doing something right to have achieved so many high honors for its hotel service. One reason Ritz-Carlton has achieved world renowned success is because of its established â€Å"Gold Standards† which encompass senior management’s vision and goals (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). The Ritz-Carlton Gold Standards essentially outline what the company expects all employees to keep in mind as they service their customers. There are multiple portions to the Gold Standards including the Credo, Motto, Twelve Service Values, and the Three Steps of Service (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). All together, the Gold Standards reinforce the Ritz-Carlton motto, â€Å"We are Ladies and Gentlemen serving Ladies and Gentlemen† (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). As part of the hiring process, each new recruit for Ritz-Carlton is introduced to the Gold Standards and is given a printed copy (â€Å"Delighted,† 2004). Seven of the twelve Gold Standard Service Values deal with employee interaction with guests (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). For example, Gold Standard service value number six establishes the goal to â€Å"own and immediately resolve guest problems† (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). Regardless of the culture of the guest population, guests would certainly enjoy rapid versus slow problem resolution. Service value number two speaks to being responsive to the needs of all guests (â€Å"Gold Standards,† 2013). Whatever the needs of a guest, regardless of the guests’ cultural background, being responsive to that need and being accommodating can really give a favorable impression to Ritz-Carlton guests. It is easy to see why positive guest interaction is so vital in the hotel industry since the very first contact with a company’s employee will undoubtedly create an impression of the entire company, whether deserved or not (â€Å"Delighted,† 2004). The senior management objectives outlined in their Gold Standards help explain why Ritz-Carlton is able to be successful in all countries. Another goal established by Ritz-Carlton contributing to its global success was the goal to upgrade its technology systems in 2005 (Durett, 2006). For instance, Ritz-Carlton introduced the system â€Å"myHR† which serves as a 24 hour system to enable employees to access important HR related information and to enable all employee management to be done electronically at any time of the day (Durett, 2006). The myHR system also enables employee training to be accomplished at any time of the day in any time zone (Durett, 2006). This would greatly enhance employee morale by making it easy to train oneself and strive for promotion which in turn enhances overall customer service. Another online system recently developed by Ritz-Carlton is the â€Å"Mystique† online system (Durett, 2006). Guests can volunteer any and all information to help make their visits to Ritz-Carlton hotels more comfortable, such as preferences to rooms without feathers if a guest was allergic to feathers as an example (Durett, 2006). With this information, regardless of which Ritz-Carlton hotel in the world a guest stays at, his or her preferences would be saved in the system (Durett, 2006). This is an obvious advantage for a global company where guest needs and desires can vary greatly in different parts of the world. In conclusion, Ritz-Carlton has achieved monumental success in the hotel industry by emphasizing the best possible customer service through the formal establishment of its Gold Standards and through technological innovations to enhance employee morale and customer service. Ritz-Carlton has always been a company that will do everything it can to please its customers regardless of location throughout the world. For example, at the Ritz-Carlton in Istanbul, Turkey, several Arabic accommodations can be made with advance request to include prayer carpets, copies of the Koran in the room, etc. (â€Å"Ritz-Carlton,† 2013). Other hotel companies would greatly benefit from studying how the Ritz-Carlton conducts its business. References Awards. (2013). Retrieved from http://corporate. ritzcarlton. com/en/About/Awards. htm. Delighted, returning customers: Service the Ritz-Carlton Way. (2004). Strategic Direction, 20(11), 7-9. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/218608871? accountid=8289 Durett, J. (2006). Plug in and perform: Technology opens the door to success at Ritz-Carlton. Training, 43(3), 30-32,34. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/203404192? accountid=8289 Fact Sheet. (2013). Retrieved from http://corporate. ritzcarlton. com/en/Press/FactSheet. htm. Gold Standards. (2013). Retrieved from http://corporate. ritzcarlton. com/en/About/GoldStandards. htm. Ritz-carlton renowned for unrivalled Arabic hospitality (2013). Manama: Al Bawaba (Middle East) Ltd. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/1357408850? accountid=8289

Pulque, Ancient Mesoamerican Sacred Drink

Pulque, Ancient Mesoamerican Sacred Drink Pulque is a viscous, milk-colored, alcoholic beverage produced by fermenting the sap obtained by the maguey plant. Until the 19th and 20th century, it was probably the most widespread alcoholic beverage in Mexico. In ancient Mesoamerica pulque was a beverage restricted to certain groups of people and to certain occasions. The consumption of pulque was linked to feasting and ritual ceremonies, and many Mesoamerican cultures produced a rich iconography illustrating the production and consumption of this beverage. The Aztec called this beverage ixtac octli which means white liquor. The name pulque is probably a corruption of the term octli poliuhqui, or over-fermented or spoiled liquor. Pulque Production The juicy sap, or aguamiel, is extracted from the plant. An agave plant is productive for up to a year and,  usually, the sap is collected twice a day. Neither fermented pulque nor the straight aguamiel can be stored for a  long time; the liquor needs to be consumed quickly and even the processing place needs to be close to the field. The fermentation starts in the plant itself  since the microorganisms occurring naturally in the maguey plant start the process of transforming the sugar into alcohol. The fermented sap was traditionally collected using dried bottle gourds, and it was then poured into large ceramic jars where the seeds of the plant were added to accelerate the fermentation process. Among the Aztecs/Mexica, pulque was a highly desired item, obtained through tribute. Many codices refer to the importance of this drink for nobility and priests, and its role in Aztec economy. Pulque Consumption In ancient Mesoamerica, pulque was consumed during feasting or ritual ceremonies and was also offered to the gods. Its consumption was strictly regulated. Ritual drunkenness was allowed only by priests and warriors, and commoners were permitted to drink it only during certain occasions. Elderly and occasionally pregnant woman were allowed to drink it. In the Quetzalcoatl myth, the god is tricked into drinking pulque and his drunkenness caused him to be banished and exiled from his land. According to indigenous and colonial sources, different types of pulque existed, often flavored with other ingredients such as chili peppers. Pulque Imagery Pulque is depicted in Mesoamerican iconography as white foam emerging from small, rounded pots and vessels. A small stick, similar to a straw, is often depicted within the drinking pot, probably representing a stirring instrument used to produce the foam. Images of pulque-making are recorded in many codices, murals and even rock carvings, such as the ball court at El Tajin. One of the most famous representations of the pulque drinking ceremony is at the pyramid of Cholula, in Central Mexico. The Mural of the Drinkers In 1969, a 180 feet long mural was discovered by accident in the pyramid of Cholula. The collapse of a wall exposed part of the mural buried at a depth of almost 25 feet. The mural, dubbed the Mural of the Drinkers, portrays a feasting scene with figures wearing elaborate turbans and masks drinking pulque and performing other ritual activities. It has been suggested that the scene portrays pulque deities. The origin of pulque is narrated in many myths, most of them linked to the goddess of maguey, Mayahuel. Other deities directly related to pulque were the got Mixcoatl and the Centzon Totochtin (the 400 rabbits), sons of Mayahuel associated with the pulque’s effects. Sources Bye, Robert A., and Edelmina Linares, 2001, Pulque, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, vol. 1, edited by David Carrasco, Oxford University Press.pp: 38-40 Taube, Karl, 1996, Las Origines del Pulque, Arqueologà ­a Mexicana, 4 (20): 71

Declaration of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Declaration of Independence - Essay Example Although a number of rights were provided by the Constitution during the subsequent 150 years, the Equal Rights Amendment that was intended to provide equality for women was rejected by a referendum. It is in the context of these circumstances that the role of Susan B Anthony is considered important because she devoted her entire life for the cause of women’s suffrage movements. She was a prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States. She was one of the important advocates in leading the way for women's rights to be acknowledged and instituted in the American government. Her achievements set the pace for passing the 19th Amendment in 1920, fourteen years after she died. This development eventually allowed women to have the right to vote. Susan B Anthony was a staunch supporter of human rights, which is evident from the fact that during her trial she is known to h ave told the judges to make correct and unbiased opinions about the prevailing law and that as far as possible they should make room for providing benefits in the context of women’s equal rights and liberty while considering that the actual â€Å"rule of interpretation under our national constitution, especially since its amendments, is that anything for human rights is constitutional, everything against human right unconstitutional† (Lutz, 2010, p.121). It on the basis of this line of action that she fought peacefully for rights pertaining to the ballot. Despite fighting a peaceful battle, Susan B Anthony was persistent in getting her way through until she achieved victory in getting equal status before the law for all American citizens. The... The researcher states that human rights cannot be considered to be the same as sets of behaviors, that can be punished or required to be necessarily implemented by law or that can be unfair to people or utilized for repressing marginal groups. During the end of the eighteenth century, John Locke had contended that it was a basic element of God’s innate laws that no individual should cause harm to another in terms of possessions, freedom or health. Such rights cannot be forfeited under any circumstances and the existence of this innate law even implied whatever possible can be done in protecting these rights. It therefore meant that no individual could be put under the rule of another person unless he or she gave consent. The government was responsible to safeguard natural rights. Such conditions limited the ability of the government to do several things legitimately and gave people the right to challenge a government overstepping its authorities. The American democratic govern ment is structured on the basis of the inherent rights of all citizens to make an opinion through voting. By indirectly referring to the provision of basic human rights, Susan B Anthony asserted that the government must provide citizens with security in order to enable them to enjoy their basic rights of voting. In keeping with this line of approach, she fought a peaceful battle for the voting rights for women but she was persistent in her efforts until she was victorious whereby all US citizens would be given equal status before the law.

Adult Developement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Adult Developement - Essay Example Beginning with young adulthood and ending with the elderly stage of development, this paper will describe the various characteristics that define what each stage of development is. Furthermore, insights will likewise be given with regards to adulthood in different cultures. In certain ways, adulthood is relative to different cultural aspects. As such, it is essential to describe adulthood in different cultures so as to provide a clearer perspective on the development of adults not just in the United States but in the world as well.The early adulthood stage is typically defined as the period wherein a human being is between the ages of 20 to 40 years old. At this stage, people are in the process if building their foundation for the latter stages of their life. This includes the college years, the early years of employment, and marriage. Moreover, at this stage of development, the various aspects of development are entwined, which is the case with the other stages of development as wel l. More importantly, the choices and the events that occur in the life of a young adult have great influences in how he will progress with his development later on.During early adulthood, humans are at their prime physically. At this stage, they are the peak of their strength, energy, and endurance. Furthermore, young adults also find themselves at the peak of their sensory and motor functioning. ... As such, the lifestyle of a young is highly relevant when considering his physical health. During this stage, the lifestyle of an individual usually includes smoking, alcohol, and in certain cases, substance or drug use. All these factors contribute to the health of young adults. A lifestyle with such elements not only leads to various health hazards during early adulthood, it also contributes to the premature deterioration of the health of young adults especially later on in their lives. Cognitive Development The cognitive abilities of young adults are often shaped by their experiences. A typical description of the cognitive characteristics of early adulthood is known as post formal thought. According to Papalia et al (2001), "It is generally applied to social situations and involves the ability to shift between abstract reasoning and practical consideration; awareness that problems can have multiple causes and solutions; pragmatism in choosing solutions; and awareness of inherent conflict." Moreover, young adults develop more flexibility and relativity in the manner by which they view the various issues that they deal with. They are no longer confined to black and white. Instead, they begin to see shades of gray which is an indication that they realize that there is always more than two sides to any story. Psychosocial Development During early adulthood, people enter into intimate relationships that may or may not lead to marriage. In cases where such relationships end up in marriage, the next concern would be parenthood. As such, young adults begin to consider more factors than those that solely concern themselves. In dealing with people, young adults have far more to consider than when they were younger. As previously mentioned, experience has a lot to do